Gipronickel Institute Ltd

Yu. V. Vasilev, Senior Research Officer, Laboratory of Pyrometallurgy
L. Sh. Tsemekhman, Head of Laboratory of Pyrometallurgy

MMC Norilsk Nickel
A. V. Severilov, Chief Manager, Forward Development Department

Copper Plant of MMC Norilsk Nickel
T. P. Tolstikova, Chief Specialist
O. N. Chetverikov, Principal Processing Engineer, Laboratory of Scientific Maintenance of Production

1. Mathematical model of sulphur anhydride oxidation to sulphuric anhydride subsequently followed by sulphuric acid formation based on pyrometallurgical process off-gases has been developed. The calculated results have been tested using on-site instrument studies carried out at three operations, namely: Nickel, Copper and Nadezhda Plants of MMC Norilsk Nickel. The principal equation has been drawn considering SO₃ formation balance on catalytically active surfaces of the dust particles and flue duct’ walls and SO₃ off-take from thereof at the expense of diffusion. The equation is modified into the regular differential equation of the 1st order relative to SO₃ mole concentration, the duration of the gas passing from the pyrometallurgical unit to the discussed flue duct section being the said equation argument. Stoichiometry behaviour, as well as equations of material balances of sulphur, oxygen and neutral components are used as summarising data. Computational solution has been realised using the developed computer programme in Turbo Basic. The calculations have allowed specifying the temperature range important for SO2 conversion in the discussed conditions, namely narrowing it, in the majority of cases, up to 600–850 ^оС. Effect of the flue duct’ or the pyrometallurgical unit’ wall as a catalyst in the course of SO₂ conversion has been specified, and the effect factor has been drawn. The input data set required for performing calculations due to the model has been defined. Limitations that take place in SO₂ transition to SO₃ and result in the relatively narrow range of changes occurring in SO2 conversion rate under the discussed conditions (mainly, 1% through 10%) have been analysed. It has been proved by the calculation results, as well as by the measured actual conversion rates.
2.Results of inspection have been processed based on the empirical coefficients enabling to create the simplified method for calculating amount of SO₃ and Н₂SO₄ condensate generated in the flue ducts.

1. Razrabotka metodiki rascheta vybrosov sernoy kisloty pirometallurgicheskimi agregatami promyshlennykh predpriyatiy GMD ZF OAO «GMK «Norilskiy nikel» : otchet o NIR. Etap 2. Development of calculation technique for sulfuric acid discharge of pyrometallurgical devices of industrial enterprises of Polar Division of MMC Norilsk Nickel : Report on the research work. Stage 2. Saint Petersburg, 2009. 31 pp.

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4. Amelin A. G. Proizvodstvo sernoy kisloty (Sulphuric Acid Manufacturing). Moscow, 1967. 472 pp.

5. Boreskov G. K. Kataliz v proizvodstve sernoy kisloty (Catalysis in Sulphuric Acid Manufacturing). Moscow-Leningrad, 1954. 348 pp.

6. Razrabotka atlasa mineralnogo syrya, tekhnologicheskikh promyshlennykh produktov i tovarnoy produktsii kompanii : otchet (dogovor No. 21-789n (NN/1473–2004) ot 01.12.2004 g. s OAO «GMK «Norilskiy nikel». Rukovoditeli rabot : L. Sh. Tsemekhman, Ya. M. Shneerson, S. M. Kozyrev, V. I. Maksimov. Elaboration of an atlas of mineral raw materials, technological industrial products and commercial products of the company : report. Saint Petersburg, 2006. 419 pp. (Vol. 1), 233 pp. (Vol. 2).

7. Orlov V. N. Razrabotka sposoba podgotovki tekhnologicheskikh gazov avtogennykh plavok k utilizatsii sery v vide elementarnoy : dis. ... kand. tekhn. nauk. Development of a method of autogenous melting process gases preparation for sulfur utilization in the form of elementary : thesis ... Candidate of Engineering Sciences. Lenongrad, 1990. 183 pp.

8. Raschet-obosnovanie po opredeleniyu vybrosov trioksida sery predpriyatiyami AO «NGMK». Supporting calculation to determine the emissions of sulfur trioxidethe by enterprises of Norilsk MMC. Norilsk, 1998. 42 pp.

9. Obsledovanie kvenchera PV-3 i uchastka MOG MZ NGMK s tsel'yu opredeleniya fakticheskogo soderzhaniya sernoy kisloty v tekhnologicheskikh gazakh i stochnykh vodakh : soobshchenie LTGS-8–99. Survey of quencher PV-3 and the MOG unit of Copper plant of Norilsk Nickel MMC to determine actual content of sulfuric acid in the process gases and waste waters : message LTGS-8–99. Norilsk, 1999. 30 pp.

10. O fakticheskom soderzhanii SO₃ (H₂SO₄) v otkhodyashchikh gazakh PV-2,3 v zavisimosti ot razrezheniya v apteyke : spravka LTGS-2-2000. On the actual content of SO₃ (H₂SO₄) in the off-gases PV-2, 3, depending on the exhaustion in the flame hole: reference LTGS-2-2000. Norilsk, 2000. 4 pp.

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14. Kutateladze S. S. Osnovy teorii teploobmena (Fundamentals of Heat Exchange Theory). Moscow, 1979. 416 pp.

15. Aerov M. E., Todes O. M., Narinskiy D. A. Apparaty so statsionarnym zernistym sloem : gidravlicheskie i teplovye osnovy raboty (Devices with a Stationary Granular Bed: Hydraulic and Heat Basics of Functioning). Leningrad, 1979. 176 pp.

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17. Razrabotka metodiki rascheta vybrosov sernoy kisloty pirometallurgicheskimi agregatami promyshlennykh predpriyatiy GMD ZF OAO «GMK «Nori'skiy nikel» : otchet o NIR. Etap 3. Development of calculation technique for sulfuric acid discharge of pyrometallurgical devices of industrial enterprises of Polar Division of MMC Norilsk Nickel : Report on the research work. Stage 3. Saint Petersburg, 2009. 141 pp.

18. Denisov S. I. Ulavlivanie i utilizatsiya pyley i gazov : uchebnoe posobie (Capture and Recycling of Dusts and Gases: Tutorial). Moscow, 1991. 320 pp.

19. Atlas programm dlya rascheta pirometallurgicheskikh protsessov pererabotki rudnykh kontsentratov s polucheniem anodnogo nikelya i anodnoy medi v ZF i KGMK. Ch. 1–4 : otchet o NIR. Atlas of software for calculating the pyrometallurgical processing of ore concentrates with producing anode nickel and anode copper at Polar Division and Kola MMC : Report on the research work. Saint Petersburg, 2009.

20. Vypolnit raschet okhlazhdeniya i aerodinamicheskogo soprotivleniya gazokhoda MPTs-SKTs pri transportirovke gaza avtogennoy plavki : spravka po rezul'tatam rascheta. Etap 1. Perform the calculation of cooling and air resistance of gas pipe MPC-SKC during autogenous melting gas transportation : certificate on the calculation results. Stage 1. Saint Petersburg, 1998. 31 pp.