Irkutsk National Research Technical University (Irkutsk, Russia):

A. E. Balanovskiy, Cand. Eng., Associate Prof.
N. A. Astafyeva, Cand. Eng., Cand. Eng., Associate Prof.

A. P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Irkutsk, Russia):
V. V. Kondratyev, Cand. Eng., Senior Scientific Researcher

Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (Moscow, Russia):
Yu. I. Karlina, Cand. Eng., Scientific Researcher, e-mail: jul.karlina@gmail.com

The results of study of impact strength of C-Mn-Si composition metal after wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) are presented. It was established that destruction of the samples of such composition at the temperatures below tough-brittle transition occurs both via tough and brittle mechanisms. The samples manufactured in the direction along built-up welding are characterized by essentially lower impact strength comparing with those manufactured in vertical direction of samples cutting. Impact strength of the samples made of 09G2SA standard steel is substantially lower than for C-Mn-Si composition metal which was obtained via additive technology. Fractographic analysis of fractures for C-Mn-Si compositions manufactured via additive technology using carbon dioxide and gas mixture displays tough pit destruction type. The samples with high impact strength are characterized by forming of cleavage facets after tough crack propagation to the sample middle, what is accompanied by significant widening opposite to a notch and narrowing under a notch. The samples with low impact strength are characterized by forming of brittle fracture directly under a notch without essential sample plastic deformation. It is shown that built-up welding with partial or complete recrystallization of rolls is required for forming of cold-resistant metal structure. In this case, order of rolls location, heat input and parameters of welding conditions make the direct effect on shape, geometrical dimensions, fusion penetration and number of rolls, as well as on size and morphology of the structural components, percent relation between cast and recrystallized microstructure of seam metal. The complex of these factors finally determines structural state and cold resistance of seam metal.

The materials for this publication were prepared using the results of investigations, which were conducted within the framework of the program of activity of "Baikal" interregional educational center of global level, according to the priority direction "Processing of industrial wastes", with use of equipment of the Shared knowledge center of isotope and geochemical researches of the Institute of Geochemistry of RAS Siberian branch.

1. ASTM Committee F42 on Additive Manufacturing Technologies. Standard terminology for additive manufacture-general principles and terminology. 2009. ISO/ASTM52900-15
2. Raut L. P., Taiwade R. V. Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review and Research Directions. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 2021. Vol. 30. pp. 4768–4791. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-021-05871-5.
3. Rafieazad M., Ghaffari M., Vahedi Nemani A. et al. Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of a low-carbon lowalloy steel produced by wire arc additive manufacturing. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2019. Vol. 105. pp. 2121–2134. DOI: 10.1007/s00170-019-04393-8.
4. Kargapoltsev S. K., Balanovsky A. E., Gozbenko V. E., Karlina Y. I., Karlina A. I. Possibility of obtaining complex form details using additive surface technology. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020. Vol. 759 (1). 012011.
5. Vahedi Nemani A., Ghaffari M., Nasiri A. Comparison of microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of shipbuilding steel plates fabricated by conventional rolling versus wire arc additive manufacturing. Additive Manufacturing. 2020. Vol. 32. 101086. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101086.
6. Song H. Y., Evans G. M., Babu S. S. Effect of microstructural heterogeneities on scatter of toughness in multi-pass weld metal of C–Mn steels. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining. 2014. 19:5. pp. 376-384. DOI: 10.1179/1362171814Y.0000000194.
7. Jorge J. C. F., de Souza L. F. G., Mendes M. C., Bott I. S., Araújo L. S., dos Santos V. R., Rebello J. M. A., Evans G. M. Microstructure characterization and its relationship with impact toughness of C–Mn and high strength low alloy steel weld metals – a review. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2021. Vol. 10. pp. 471-501. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.12.006.
8. Waqas A., Qin Xiansheng, Xiong Jiangtao, Yang Chaoran, Liu Fan. Impact toughness of components made by GMAW based additive manufacturing. Procedia Structural Integrity. 2018. Vol. 13. pp. 2065-2070. DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2018.12.207.
9. Sridharan N., Noakes M. W., Nycz A., Love L. J., Dehoff R. R., Babu S. S. On the toughness scatter in low alloy C-Mn steel samples fabricated using wire arc additive manufacturing. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2018. Vol. 713. pp. 18-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2017.11.101.
10. Lucon E. et al. Certification of NIST Room Temperature Low-Energy and High-Energy Charpy Verification Specimens. Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2015. Vol. 120. December 3. pp. 316-328. DOI: 10.6028/jres.120.020.
11. Ritchie R. The conflicts between strength and toughness. Nature Materials. 2011. Vol. 10. pp. 817–822. DOI: 10.1038/nmat3115.
12. Balanovskiy A. E., Astafyeva N. A., Kondratyev V. V., Karlina A. I. Study of mechanical properties of C-Mn-Si composition after wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). CIS Iron and Steel Review. 2021. Vol. 22. pp. 66-71.
13. Kantor M. M., Vorkachev K. G. Microstructure and Substructure of Pearlite in Hypoeutectoid Ferritic-Pearlitic Steels. Metal Science and Heat Treatment. 2017. No. 5. pp. 265–271.
14. Kantor M. M., Vorkachev K. G. EBSD Investigation of Continuously Cooled Microstructures in Low Carbon Low Alloy Ferrite-Pearlite Steel. Science of Advanced Materials. 2017. Vol. 9. pp. 1968–1972.
15. Chen J. H., Wang G. Z., Yan C., Ma H., Zhu L. Advances in the mechanism of cleavage fracture of low alloy steel at low temperature. Part I: Critical event. International Journal of Fracture. 1997. No. 83. pp. 105-120.
16. Ding D., Pan Z., Cuiuri D., Li, H. Wire-feed additive manufacturing of metal components: Technologies, developments and future interests. International Joural of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2015. Vol. 81. pp. 465–481.
17. Pan Z., Ding D., Wu B., Cuiuri D., Li H., Norrish J. Arc Welding Processes for Additive Manufacturing: A Review. In: Transactions on Intelligent Welding Manufacturing. Springer, Singapore. 2018. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5355-9_1.
18. Zhang H., Wang X., Wang G. Hybrid direct manufacturing method of metallic parts using deposition and micro continuous rolling. Rapid Prototyping Journal. 2013. Vol. 19 (6). pp. 387–394.
19. Langger J., Schabhüttl P., Vuherer T. CMT additive manufacturing of a high strength steel alloy for application in crane construction. Metals. 2019. Vol. 9 (6). p. 650.
20. Haden C. V., Zeng G., Carter F. M., Ruhl C., Krick B. A., Harlow D. G. Wire and arc additive manufactured steel: Tensile and wear properties. Additive Manufacturing. 2017. Vol. 16. pp. 115-123.
21. Evans G. M. The effect of heat input on the microstructure and properties of C-Mn all-weld-metal deposits. Welding journal. 1982. April. pp. 125-132.
22. Shtremel M. A. Informability of impact strength measurements. Metallovedenie i ternicheskaya obrabotka metallov. 2008. No. 11. pp. 37-51.
23. Protopopov E. A. et al. Influence of chemical composition of welding wire SV-08G2S on impact strength of built-up welding metal. Svarochnoe proizvodstvo. 2016. No. 10. pp. 3-8.