Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia:

E. G. Partyko, Junior Researcher at the Laboratory “Physical Chemistry of Metallurgical Process and Materials”, e-mail: elforion@mail.ru
A. A. Kosovich, Senior Researcher at the Laboratory “Physical Chemistry of Metallurgical Process and Materials”, Candidate of Technical Sciences, e-mail: akosovich@sfu-kras.ru

S. V. Belyaev, Professor at the Department of Foundry Production1, Doctor of Technical Sciences, e-mail: 244812@mail.ru

National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Moscow, Russia.
V. B. Deev, Professor at the Department of Metal Processing by Pressure, Chief Researcher of the Laboratoty “Ultrafine-grained Metal Materials”, Doctor of Technical Sciences, e-mail: deev.vb@mail.ru

This research was carried out in laboratory conditions on a semi-continuous ingot casting machine owned by the Siberian Federal University. The paper compares the results of computer simulation carried out for AK12 alloy solidification process in the PoligonSoft programme. A new original mould is described designed for sampling liquid aluminium and its alloys for hydrogen analysis. The new mould has a larger surface area and walls that are made in the form of a heat exchanger intended for more efficient heat removal. It is shown that, in the commonly used Rensley mould, the melt solidifies in 14 seconds at the metal crystallization rate in the range from the pouring temperature to the solidus temperature of 15 ^oC/s, while in the case of the new mould these parameters are 12 seconds and 17.5 ^oC/s, correspondingly. The paper also compares the results of dissolved hydrogen analysis obtained when sampling was done with both the conventional Rensley mould and the new one. It was found that the concentration of hydrogen in the samples taken with the Rensley mould is lower on average by 0.01 cm³/100 g Al than in the samples taken with the new mould. Based on the results of the study, a conclusion was drawn that the proposed mould design delivers an additional advantage when sampling liquid metal. It also helps determine the concentration of dissolved hydrogen in molten aluminium with a higher degree of accuracy.
This research was carried out by the Siberian Federal University as part of the governmental assignment for research; Project No. FSRZ-2020-0013.

1. Han Q., Viswanathan S. Hydrogen evolution during directional solidification and its effect on porosity formation in aluminum alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2002. Vol. 33. pp. 2067–2072. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-002-0038-0.
2. Zolotorevsky V. S., Belov N. A., Glazoff M. V. Casting aluminum alloys. Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2007. 530 p.
3. Kotlyarskiy F. M. Hydrogen in aluminium alloys and castings. Odessa : Osvita Ukrainy, 2011. 204 p.
4. Weingarten C., Buchbinder D., Pirch N. et al. Formation and reduction of hydrogen porosity during selective laser melting of AlSi10Mg. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2015. Vol. 221. pp. 112–120. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.02.013.
5. Soloninin A. V., Skripov A. V., Buzlukov A. L. et al. Hydrogen in the intermetallic compound of TiAl: NMR spectroscopy. Fizika metallov i metallovedenie. 2017. Vol. 118, No. 2. pp. 193–199. DOI: 10.7868/S0015323017020139.
6. Zhang Q., Wang T., Yao Z., Zhu M. Modeling of hydrogen porosity formation during solidification of dendrites and irregular eutectics in Al – Si alloys. Materialia. 2018. Vol. 4. pp. 211–220. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2018.09.030.
7. Liu B., Wang C., Mi G. et al. Oxygen content and morphology of laser cleaned 5083 aluminum alloy and its influences on weld porosity. Optics & Laser Technology. 2021. Vol. 140. DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107031.
8. Partyko E. G., Gubanova M. I., Tolkachyova D. V., Deev V. B. Influence of the shape of hydrogen-containing inclusions on the intergranular corrosion process of the Al – Si alloy system. Non-ferrous Metals. 2018. No. 2. pp. 16–21. DOI: 10.17580/nfm.2018.02.03.
9. Baranov V. N., Deev V. B., Partyko E. G. et al. Atomic and molecular hydrogen in molten silumins and its effect on their mechanical properties. Metallurg. 2019. No. 5. pp. 81–86.
10. Carlson K. D., Lin Z., Beckermann C. Modeling the effect of finite-rate hydrogen diffusion on porosity formation in aluminum alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 2007. Vol. 38. pp. 541–555. DOI: 10.1007/s11663-006-9013-2.
11. Wang H., Fu G., Cheng C. et al. Molecular mechanics and dynamics simulation of hydrogen diffusion in aluminum melt. China Foundry. 2017. Vol. 14, No. 6. pp. 478–484.
12. Indeytsev D. A., Osipova E. V. Formation of a surface hydrogen layer in pure aluminium. Doklady Akademii nauk. 2019. Vol. 484, No. 1. pp. 56–60.
13. Zhao H., Chakraborty P., Ponge D. et al. Hydrogen trapping and embrittlement in high-strength Al alloys. Nature. 2022. Vol. 602. pp. 437–441. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04343-z.
14. Kurdyumov A. V., Belov V. D., Pikunov M. V. et al. Castings produced from non-ferrous metal alloys: Textbook. Ed. by V. D. Belov. Moscow : Izdatelskiy Dom MISiS, 2011. 615 p.
15. Baranov V. N., Kulikov B. P., Partyko E. G., Kosovich A. A. Effect of alloying, modifying and fluxing agents on aluminum hydrogen saturation. Tsvetnye Metally. 2021. No. 7. pp. 45–51. DOI: 10.17580/tsm.2021.07.05.
16. Dybalska A., Caden A., Griffiths W. D. et al. Enhancement of mechanical properties of pure aluminium through contactless melt sonicating treatment. Materials. 2021. Vol. 14, No. 16. DOI: 10.3390/ma14164479.
17. Hu Y., Jiang R., Li X., Hu R. Effect of ultrasonic-assisted casting on the hydrogen and lithium content of Al – Li alloy. Materials. 2022. Vol. 15, No. 3. DOI: 10.3390/ma15031081.
18. Mekhanik E. A., Rastegaeva G. Yu. Developing a procedure for determining the mass fractions of surface and dissolved hydrogen in aluminium and lowalloy aluminium alloys by argon flow heating. Trudy VIAM. 2015. Vol. 11, No. 8. DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2015-0-11-8-8.
19. GOST R 50965–96. Aluminium and aluminium alloys. Method for determination of hydrogen in solid metal. Introduced: 01.07.1997.
20. PoligonSoft: A system for computer modelling of casting processes. Available at: http://www.poligonsoft.ru/poligonsoft/ (Accessed: 09.03.2022).
21. GOST 1583–93. Aluminium casting alloys. Specifications. Introduced: 01.01.1997.
22. GOST R 53777–2010. Master alloys of aluminium. Specifications. Introduced: 01.07.2010.
23. TU 2114-001-99420244–2016. High-purity gaseous argon. Introduced: 2016.