NUST MISIS, Moscow, Russia:

A. S. Batugin, Professor, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, as-bat@mail.ru

The problem connected with rock bursts and induced earthquakes is yet one of the most critical in the mining regions. The manmade nature of disastrous earthquakes induced in the areas of the heaviest impact on the subsoil is being widely discussed. The main argument against the manmade genesis of such earthquakes is their great depths and high energies. The general features of the induced earthquakes are considered. The displacement directions of the walls of large tectonic faults during such events are analyzed. The sizes of focal zones are estimated and related with sizes of geodynamcially active blocks in the Earth’s crust. The location of hypocenters of geodynamic events relative to the manmade impact zones is studied. The found homogeny of strong rock bursts and induced earthquakes is explained by the interaction of local and regional (global) geodynamic processes. The critical stress state of the upper Earth’s crust having hierarchical block structure is considered as the basis of such interaction. When focal zones of rock bursts and induced earthquakes have sizes of hundreds of meters or a few kilometers, the initiation zones of such events reaches many kilometers in size, is commensurable with the Earth’s crust blocks and is larger than the mining impact zone. Therefore, displacements along large faults are the part of a tectonic process, i.e. displacement directions along large faults during strong rock bursts are correlated with the regional stress field.

1. Petukhov I. M. Rock bursts in coal mines. 2^nd edition, revised and enlarged. Saint-Petersburg : VNIMI, 2004. 237 p.
2. Kozyrev A. A., Panin V. I., Semenova I. E., Zhuravleva O. G. Geodynamic safety of mining operations under rockburst-hazardous conditions in the khibiny apatite deposits. Journal of Mining Science. 2018. Vol. 54, Iss. 5. pp. 734–743.
3. Rasskazov I. Yu, Saksin B. G., Usikov V. I., Potapchuk M. I. Rock mass geodynamics and mininginduced rockbursting at Nikolaev complex deposit. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2016. No. 12. pp. 13–19. DOI: 10.17580/gzh.2016.12.03
4. Manchao He, Hongman Xia, Xuena Jia, Weili Gong, Fei Zhao, Kangyuan Liang. Studies on classification, criteria and control of rockbursts. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2012. Vol. 4, Iss. 2. pp. 97–114.
5. Małkowski P., Niedbalski Z. A comprehensive geomechanical method for the assessment of rockburst hazards in underground mining. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology. 2020. Vol. 30, Iss. 3. pp. 345–355.
6. Lovchikov А. V. Review of the strongest rockbursts and mining-induced earthquakes in Russia. Journal of Mining Science. 2013. Vol. 49(4). P. 572-575.
7. Galchenko Yu. P., Eremenko V. A., Myaskov A. V., Kosyreva M. A. Solution of geoecological problems in underground mining of deep iron ore deposits. Eurasian Mining. 2018. No. 1. pp. 35–40. DOI: 10.17580/em.2018.01.08
8. Yakovlev D. V., Tsirel S. V., Mulev S. N. Laws of spreading and operational evaluation procedure for induced seismicity in mines and in mining areas. Journal of Mining Science. 2016. Vol. 52, Iss. 2. pp. 233–244.
9. Petukhov I. M., Batugina I. M. Subsoil geodynamics. 2^nd edition, revised and enlarged. Moscow : Nedra communications. 1999. 287 p.
10. Tarasov B. G. Paradoxes of strength and brittleness of rocks at seismic depths. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2020. No.1. pp. 11-17. DOI: 10.17580/ghz.2020.01.02
11. Emanov A. F., Emanov A. A., Fateev A. V., Leskova E. V., Shevkunova E. V., Podkorytova V. G. Mininginduced seismicity at open pit mines in Kuzbass (Bachatsky earthquake on June 18, 2013). Journal of Mining Science. 2014. Vol. 50, Iss. 2. pp. 224–228.
12. Foulger G. R., Wilson M. P., Gluyas J. G., Julian B. R., Davies R. J. Global review of human-induced earthquakes. Earth-Science Reviews. 2018. Vol. 178. pp. 438–514.
13. Batugina I. M., Petukhov I. M. Bibliography of Rockbursts. Part 1 (1900–1979). Rotterdam : CRC Press, 1991. 308 p.
14. Hast N. The measurement of rock pressure in mines. Stockholm : Norstedt, 1958. 183 p.
15. Batugina I. M., Petukhov I. M. (Eds.). Guidelines on prevention of rock bursts with regard to geodynamics of mineral deposits. Leningrad : VNIMI, 1983. 117 p.
16. Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/499086982 (accessed: 15.04.2020).
17. Oparin V. N., Zhuravkov M. A., Potapov V. P., Kalenitskiy A. A., Emanov A. A. et al. Geomechanical fields and processes : Experimental and analytical research into initiation and growth of focal zones of disastrous events in geotechnical and natural systems. Novosibirsk : SO RAN, 2018. Vol. 1. 549 p.
18. Batugin A. S. Tectonophysics model of tectonic rockburst with motions of wings of large faults. GIAB. 2010. Special issue 1. Proceedings of international scientific symposium Miner’s Week-2010. pp. 252–264.
19. Avouac J.-P. Earthquakes:human-induced shaking. Nature Geoscience. 2012. No. 5. pp. 763–764. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1609
20. Batugin A. S., Batugina I. M., Golovko I. V., Semenov V. A., Yu Lijiang et al. New forms of geodynamic hazard in mining. GIAB. 2015. Special issue 1. Proceedings of international scientific symposium Miner’s Week. pp. 234–246.
21. Emanov A. F., Emanov A. A., Pavlenko O. V., Fateev A. V., Kuprish O. V., Podkorytova V. G. Kolyvan Earthquake of January 9, 2019, with ML = 4.3 and Induced Seismicity Features of the Gorlovsky Coal Basin. Seismic Instruments. 2020. Vol. 56, No. 3. pp. 254–268.
22. Batugin A. S. Induced earthquakes as a part of tectonic process in critical stress state zones in the Earth’s crust. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2020. No. 1. pp. 24–27. DOI: 10.17580/gzh.2020.01.04
23. Artemev V. B. SUEK. Underground mining, dynamics of development. GIAB. 2018. Special issue 48. Underground coal mining in the 21st century-1. pp. 13–22.