Ural State Mining University, Yekaterinburg, Russia:

L. A. Mochalova, Head of Chair for Economics and Management, Doctor of Economic Sciences, IEF.ETP@ursmu.ru

The article discusses the regulatory and legal framework for the transition to the best available techniques (BAT) in mining. The author thinks that introduction of the advanced environment-oriented and low-impact technologies will ensure ecological safety of mining and, thereby, environmentally sustainable development of Russia. On the one hand, mineral mining, as a type of economic activity, still takes appreciable part in the gross domestic product of our country; on the other hand, this sector is a chief source of environmental impact in Russia. Introducing BAT in mines requires cardinal modifications in the national industrial and economic policy of Russia; these modifications started in 2014 after passage of relevant regulatory and legal documents. Shaping of national BAT framework in Russia is headed toward development of a system of technologybased standards based on procedures borrowed from the European Union’ experience. Such standardization rests upon “vertical” (effective inside an industry sector) and “horizontal” (effective between industry sectors) guides on BAT. This article reviews such domestic guides in mining. An emphasis is laid on the “horizontal” information guide on BAT 16-2016: Mining Industry. General Processes and Methods. It is specified that this guide is a strong foundation for the development of “vertical” guides for mines. The author identifies some specific problems of regulatory and legal framework for BAT introduction in mines. One of the challenges is obtaining governmental support for the necessary ecological and technological reforms.

1. Status and Use of Mineral Resources: Russian Federation 2015 Report. Moscow : Mineral-Info, 2016. 341 p.
2. Status and Preservation of the Environment: Russian Federation 2016 Report. Moscow: Minprirody Rossii, NIA-Priroda, 2017. 760 p.
3. Algermissen D., Cancarevic M., Rekersdrees T., Schliephake H., Zehn T. Waste-free strategy at GMH based on four “R” principles. Chernye metally. 2018. No. 6 pp. 46–52.
4. Turgunova K. K., Sultamurat G. I., Boranbaeva B. M. Kazakhstan republic legislation law as a way to reduce negative impact on environment. CIS Iron and Steel Review. 2016. Vol. 11. pp. 9–15. DOI: 10.17580/cisisr.2016.01.02
5. Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/420208818 (accessed: 15.09.2018).
6. Available at: http://base.garant.ru/70833138/ (accessed: 15.09.2018).
7. Mochalova L. A., Ignatieva M. N., Strovskiy V. E. Ecology-Based Technological Modernization in the Mining Industry. Yekaterimnburg : UGGU, 2017. 177 p.
8. Mezentseva O. V., Volosatova M. A. Introduction of BAT in the countries of the European and Eurasian Customs Unions. Production Quality Control. 2014. No. 6. pp. 13–21.
9. Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control). Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A02010L0075-20110106 (accessed: 06.04.2018).
10. Evrard D., Laforest V., Villot J., Gaucher R. Best Available Technique assessment methods: a literature review from sector to installation level. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016. Vol. 121. pp. 72–83.
11. Laforest V. Assessment of emerging and innovative techniques considering best available technique performances. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2014. Vol. 92. pp. 11–24.
12. Kadyrov O. R. Transition to technological standardization. Benefits and risks for large industrial undertakings. Vestnik Rossiiskogo khimiko-tekhnologicheskogo universitetat im. D. I. Mendeleeva. Gumanitarnye i sotsia’lno-ekonomicheskie issledovaniya. 2015. Vol. 2. No. 6. pp. 94–118.
13. Regulation of business activity effects on the environment. Ekologiya proizvodstva. 2012. No. 5. pp. 36–43.
14. Oshchepkova A. Z., Fominykh S. P. Technological standardization: How to define the best available techniques. Ekologiya proizvodstva. 2014. No. 1. pp. 46–52.
15. Wen Z., Yu Y., Yan J. Best available techniques assessment for coal gasification to promote cleaner production based on the ELECTRE-II method. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016. Vol. 129. pp. 12–22.

16. The Best Available Techniques—General Provisions: Wevinars/BAT Bureau. Available at: http://www.burondt.ru/informacziya/obuchenie/vebinaryi.html (accessed: 17.08.2016).
17. On Approval of Package of Measures towards Rejection of Outdated and Inefficient Technologies, Transition to the Principles of Best Available Techniques and Introduction of Modern Advanced Technologies: Approved under the Russian Federation Government Decree No. 398-r dated 19.03.2014. Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/499084212 (accessed: 06.04.2018).
18. Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/420284277 (accessed: 06.04.2018).
19. On Phased 2015–2017 Schedule for Creation of Guides on the Best Available Techniques: Approved under the Russian Federation Government Decree No. 2178-r dated 31.10.2014 (as amended as of 07.07.2016). Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/420230975 (accessed: 06.04.2018).
20. Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/420242884 (accessed: 06.04.2018).
21. ITS 16–2016. Mining industry. General processes and techniques. Moscow : Byuro NDT, 2016. 220 p.
22. Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/901808297 (accessed: 06.04.2018).
23. GOST R 54097-2010. Resources saving. Best available techniques. Identification methodology. Introduced: 01.01.2012. Moscow : Standartinform, 2011. 20 p.
24. GOST R 55100-2012. Resources saving. Best available techniques for the management of tailings and waste-rock in mining activities. Aspects of good practice. Introduced: 01.06.2013. Moscow : Standartinform, 2013. 20 p.
25. Instructional Guidelines on Identifying a Technology as the Best Available Technique: Approved by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation, Order No 665 dated 31.03.2015. Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/420295635 (accessed: 06.04.2018).
26. PNST 21-2014. Best available techniques. The structure of the information and technical reference book. Moscow : Standartinform, 2015. 12 p.
27. PNST 22-2014. Best available techniques. Terms and definitions. Moscow : Standartinform, 2015. 12 p.
28. PNST 23-2014. Best available techniques. Technology description framework. Moscow : Standartinform, 2015. 10 p.
29. Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/420242688 (accessed: 06.04.2018).
30. Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/420305438 (accessed: 06.04.2018).
31. Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/420286994 (accessed: 06.04.2018).
32. Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Management of Tailings and Waste-Rock in Mining Activities. 2009. Available at: http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/mmr_adopted_0109.pdf (accessed: 06.04.2018).
33. Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control : Reference Document on Economics and Cross-Media Effects. 2006. Available at: http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/ecm_bref_0706.pdf (accessed: 06.04.2018).
34. Kauppila P., Räisänen M. L., Myllyoja S. Best Environmental Practices in Metal Ore Mining. Helsinki : Finnish Environment Institute, 2013. 219 p.
35. Grigoriev A. V., Rudakov E. N., Faddeev A. M., Dobrokhotova M. V., Kuroshev I. S. Development of BAT Guide for Coal Mining and Dressing. Best Available Techniques. Industry Application: Collection of Papers. Moscow : Pero, 2017. Vol. 6. pp. 50–63.
36. Kuroshev I. S., Makeenko P. A., Dobrokhotova M. V. Mining industry. Sectorial review and conception of BAT guide system. Best Available Techniques. Industry Application: Collection of Papers. Moscow : Pero, 2016. Vol. 4. pp. 78–98.
37. Razorenov Yu. I., Golik V. I., Evdokimov S. I., Tomin A. V., Kuroshev I. S. Development of BAT Guide for Base Metal Ore Mining and Processing. Best Available Techniques. Industry Application: Collection of Papers. Moscow : Pero, 2017. Vol. 7. pp. 46–58.
38. Fortygin A. V., Pisarev A. A., Dobrokhotova M. V. Application of the best available techniques in gold mines. Best Available Techniques. Industry Application: Collection of Papers. Moscow : Pero, 2015. Vol. 2. pp. 106–123.
39. Pomelnikov I. I. The state-of-the art and prospects of the iron ore industry development in conditions of “bear market“. Gornaya promyshlennost. 2015. No. 5(123). p. 18.
40. Ptuskin A. S., Levner E. V. Instrumental tools for modeling the problem of selecting the best available technologies. Research Result. Economic Research. 2016. Vol. 2, Iss. 2. pp. 58–63.
41. Ivanushkin S. V., Chechevatova O. Yu. Methodical approach to identifying domestic best available techniques. Izvestiya Instituta inzhenernoi fiziki. 2015. No. 2(36). pp. 77–79.
42. Evrard D., Villot J., Armiyaou C., Gaucher, R., Bouhrizi S., Laforest V. Best Available Techniques: An integrated method for multicriteria assessment of reference installations. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018. Vol. 176. pp. 1034–1044.
43. Huybrechts D., Derden A., Van den Abeele L., Vander Aa. S., Smets T. Best available techniques and the value chain perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018. Vol. 174. pp. 847–856.