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Металлообработка
ArticleName Способы создания неразъемных соединений циркониевых сплавов в реакторостроении (Обзор)
DOI 10.17580/tsm.2016.10.13
ArticleAuthor Слободян М. С.
ArticleAuthorData

Томский политехнический университет, Томск, Россия:

М. С. Слободян, старший научный сотрудник, эл. почта: mss@tpu.ru

Abstract

В настоящем обзоре проведен анализ эволюции технологий соединения деталей из широко применяемых в реакторостроении с 1950-х гг. конструкционных материалов — циркониевых сплавов. Основное внимание уделено способам, используемым при изготовлении тепловыделяющих элементов и дистанционирующих решеток: сварке неплавящимся электродом в среде инертных газов, электронно-лучевой, лазерной и контактной (стыковой и точечной) сваркам. Помимо этого приведена информация о попытках разработки технологии пайки циркониевых сплавов, сварки взрывом, диффузионной и сварки трением, а также об исследованиях, направленных на оптимизацию термической и термомеханической обработки сварных соединений. Сделан вывод, что в настоящее время наиболее значимыми проблемами совершенствования оборудования остаются увеличение его производительности и срока службы, повышение качества защиты зоны сварки от возможного загрязнения сварного шва из окружающей среды. Помимо этого необходимо расширение технологических возможностей за счет программирования параметров режимов сварки, автоматизированного управления путем прогнозирования и контроля качества соединений по обратной связи или с использованием интегрированного автоматического неразрушающего контроля. Оптимизация сварочных процессов должна базироваться на обосновании изменения параметров режима во времени с учетом результатов математического моделирования и компьютерной симуляции формирования соединения. При этом необходимо сочетать два основных требования. Первым из них является обеспечение стабильности формирования сварных соединений требуемых размеров с минимально возможной вводимой энергией за минимальное время с целью уменьшения негативного воздействия высокой температуры и окружающей среды. Второе — необходимо плавное снижение вводимой в зону сварки энергии для уменьшения остаточных напряжений и формирования закалочных структур, обладающих повышенной склонностью к коррозии и замедленному гидридному растрескиванию.

keywords Ядерная энергетика, тепловыделяющие элементы, дистанционирующие решетки, циркониевые сплавы, сварка, пайка, дефекты сварных соединений
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