Author 1:
Name & Surname: Kaftan V. I.
Company: Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia)
Work Position: Principal Researcher
Scientific Degree: Doctor of Engineering Sciences
Contacts: v.kaftan@gcras.ru

Author 2:
Name & Surname: Ustinov A. V.
Company: Gidroproject Institute JSC (Moscow, Russia)
Work Position: Deputy Head of Integrated Research Department

The article presents state-of-the-arts, analysis, approaches, research&development, methods and technologies in the field of highly accurate geodynamic monitoring, in particular—local, movement an deformation of ground surface, buildings, structures, mines using tools of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Under consideration are features of determination of global, regional and local movement and deformation of ground surface using GNSS. Advantages and shortcomings of GNSS are compared with the other measurement aids. The analysis involves basic methods of GNSS estimates. Their capabilities are discussed in terms of handling issues of geodynamic monitoring. The conclusion is made that local geodesic survey enables the highest accurate positioning. The authors indicate particulars of configuration of local GNSS monitoring network, main sources of errors of GNSS-assisted positioning (external conditions and instrumental errors), their influence on the positioning accuracy and recommended methods and technologies of error minimization. The article offers modern alternative configurations of networks and methods of the network deployment to ensure the higher accurate determination of displacement and deformation vectors. Errors of external conditions are described. It is stressed that mitigation of errors requires taking repeated measurements at the same time of a day. It is recommended to adhere to the following package of methods and tools of higher accurate determination of movement and deformation at significant natural and industrial objects: highest accurate mode of static GNSS measurements in the scope of local geodynamic monitoring; adherence to limited spacing of measurement points at 5 km maximum in design and deployment of the monitoring networks; avoidance of small (30° and under) angles in triangles formed by vectors of baselines; adjustment of differences in repeated measurements; use of the same GNSS equipment at points of the control network.

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