Prague, Czech Republic:

M. A. Meretukov, Independent Expert, Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, e-mail: mamer@inbox.ru

UGC The Gold Mining Company, Plast, Russia:

K. I. Strukov, Company President, Doctor of Technical Sciences, e-mail: ugold@ugold.ru

Currently, many foreign mining companies process gold ores containing considerable amounts of copper that is soluble in the cyanide process. When this process is used for processing of copper-gold ores, difficulties occur as copper minerals can behave differently when being dissolved. To stop copper cyanides from ending up in tailing dumps, techniques are employed that help break up these compounds. Combined with excessive consumption of cyanide when building compounds with copper, this can entail a significant cost. Hence, of economic and ecological relevance would be the processes that help generate copper as a byproduct of cyanidation while ensuring cyanide recovery. Such processes (they are partially adopted on a commercial scale) include SART/AVR, Activox, CESL, Dynatec, Albion, Biocop, Platsol, Intec, Vitrokele, Hydrocopper, as well as processes based on active carbon and ion exchange adsorption, liquid extraction and so on. This review examines and compares the above processes pointing out their advantages and drawbacks, as well as factors constraining their application. The review also looks at a number of separation techniques to separate copper and gold, copper and cyanide.

1. Davis M., Sole K., MacKenzie M., Virnig M. Recovery of Cu and CN– by SX from solutions produced in leaching of Cu/Au ores. Randol Gold and Silver Forum’ 99. Denver, USA. 1999. May 11–14. pp. 175–188.
2. Dai X., Simons A., Breuer P. A review of copper cyanide recovery for the cyanidation of Copper containing gold ores. International Conference: ALTA 2011. Perth, Australia. 2011. May 23–28. 23 p.
3. Dai X., Simons A., Breuer P. A review of copper cyanide recovery technologies for the cyanidation of copper containing gold ores. Minerals Engineering. 2012. Vol. 25. pp. 1–13.
4. Taylor A. Gold technology developments and trends. ALTA Metallurgical Services. Australia. 2011. 10 p.
5. Dai X., Jeffrey M., Breuer P. Comparison of activated carbon and ion-exchange resins in recovering copper from cyanide leach solutions. Hydrometallurgy. 2010. Vol. 101, Iss. 1-2. pp. 48–57.
6. Muir D., La Brooy S., Fenton K. Processing copper-gold ores, with ammonia or ammonia – cyanide solutions. Proceeding of the World Gold 1991 Conference, Cairns, Australia. 1991. pp. 145–150.
7. Costello M., Ritchie I., Lunt D. Use of the ammonia cyanide leach system for copper gold ores with reference to the retreatment of the torco tailings. Minerals Engineering. 1992. Vol. 5, Iss. 10-12. pp. 1421–1429.
8. Chen C., Lung T., Wan C. A study of the leaching of gold and silver by acidothioureation. Hydrometallurgy. 1980. Vol. 5, Iss. 2-3. pp. 207–212.
9. Deschenes G., Bernard D., Prudhomme P., Laforest D. A preliminary techno-economic evaluation of the extraction of gold from a chalcopyrite concentrate using thiourea. Minerals Engineering. 1994. Vol. 7, Iss. 4. pp. 435–448.
10. Bilston D., La Brooy S., Woodcock J. Gold and silver leaching from an oxidized gold ore with thiourea under controlled conditions. Proceedings of the International Symposium: Extractive metallurgy. Melbourne, Australia, 1984, November 12–14. pp. 51–60.
11. Dreisinger D. New developments in Cu and Ni hydrometallurgy. Presentation to JOGMEC. Japan. 2006.
12. Dreisinger D. Cyanidation. Advances in gold ore processing. Vol. 15. Elsevier, 2005. pp. 825–848.
13. Butcher D. The development of a pressure oxidation flowsheet for the Guelb Moghrein project, Mauritania. International Symposium ALTA 1998: Copper sulfides. Brisbane, Australia 1998. Oct. 19.
14. King J. The economics of autoclaving chalcopyrite. International Symposium ALTA 1998: Copper sulfides. Brisbane, Australia. 1998. Oct. 19.
15. Lu J., Dreisinger D., Cooper W. Thermodynamics of the aqueous copper – cyanide system. Hydrometallurgy. 2002. Vol. 66. pp. 23–36.
16. Barr G., Grieve W., Jones D., Mayhew K. The New CESL gold process. Proceedings of the International Conference: Alta 2007. Perth, Australia. 2007. May 21–25. 19 p.
17. Robinson T., Mayhew K., Jones D., Murray K. The CESL gold process. International Conference: COM 2011. Montreal, Canada. 2011. Oct. 02–05. 13 p.
18. Marsden J., House C. The chemistry of gold extraction. 2^nd ed. SME. 2006.
19. Jones D., Hestrin J. CESL process for copper sulphides operation of the demonstration plant. International Symposium: ALTA 1998: Copper sulfides. Brisbane, Australia. 1998. Oct. 19.
20. Corrans I., Angove J. Activation of a mineral species. Patent US 5232491. Published: 1993.
21. Dreisinger D., Steyl J., Sole K. et al. Chalcopyrite process; integrated pilot-plant evaluation. Proceedings of the International Conference: Copper 2003/Cobre 2003. Vol. 6. pp. 223–237.
22. Hackl R., Dreisinger D., Peters E., King G. Passivation of chalcopyrite during oxidative leaching in sulfate media. Hydrometallurgy. 1995. Vol. 39. pp. 25–48.
23. Kofluk D., Collins M. Hydrometallurgical process for the extraction of copper from sulfidic concentrates. Patent US 5730776. Published: 1998.
24. Collins M., Buban K., de Kock F. et al. Copper processing in the Dynatec mini plant. International Symposium ALTA 1998: Copper sulfides. Brisbane, Australia. 1998. Oct. 19.
25. La Brooy S., Linge H., Walker G. Review of gold extraction from ores. Minerals Engineering. 1994. Vol. 7. pp. 1213–1241.
26. Meretukov M. A. Gold: Chemistry, Mineralogy, Metallurgy. Moscow : “Ore and Metals” Publishing House, 2008. 528 p.
27. Anderson C. Applications of NSC pressure leaching. Proceedings of the 34^th Annaul Hydrometallurgy Meeting. CIM. Banff. Canada. 2004. pp. 855–886.
28. Peters E. Hydrometallurgical process innovation. Hydrometallurgy. 1992. Vol. 29. pp. 431–459.
29. Milbourne J., Tomlinson M., Gormely L. Use of hydrometallurgy in direct processing of base metal. PGM concentrates. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference: Hydrometallurgy 2003. 2003. Vol. 1. pp. 617–630.
30. Anderson C., Krys L., Harrison K. Treatment of metal bearing mineral material. Patent US 5096486. Published: 1992.
31. Baldwin S., Van Weert G. On the catalysis of ferrous sulphate oxidation in autoclaves by nitrates and nitrites. Hydrometallurgy. 1996. Vol. 42. pp. 209–219.
32. Anderson C., Harrison K., Krys L. Theoretical considerations of sodium nitrite oxidation and fine grinding in refractory precious metals concentrate pressure leaching. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration. 1996. Vol. 13. pp. 4–11.
33. Anderson C. Treatment of copper ores and concentrates with industrial nitrogen species catalyzed pressure leaching and non-cyanide precious metals recovery. JOM. 2003. Vol. 55, No. 4. pp. 32–36.
34. Fang Z., Han B. Leaching gold using oxidation products of elemental sulfur in Ca(OH)₂ solution under oxygen pressure. The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering. 2002. Vol. 2, No. 3. pp. 230–234.
35. Marsden J., Brewer B., Hazen N. Copper concentrate leaching developments by Phelps Dodge Corporation. Proceedings of the International Conference: Hydro 2003. pp. 1429–1446.
36. King J., Dreisinger D. Autoclaving of copper concentrates. Proceedings of the International Conference: Copper ‘95, Cobre ‘95. 1995. pp. 511–534.
37. Ferron C., Fleming C., Dreisinger D., Kane T. Chloride as an alternative to cyanide for extraction of gold going full circle? Proceedings of the 5^th International Conference: Hydrometallurgy 2003. 2003. Vol. 1. pp. 89–104.
38. Ketcham V., O'Reilly J., Vardill W. Lihir gold project: process plant design. Minerals Engineering. 1993. Vol. 6. pp. 1037–1065.
39. Simmons G., Baughman D., Gathje J., Oberg K. Pressure oxidation problems and solutions: treating carbonaceous gold ores containing trace amounts of chloride (halogens). Minerals Engineering. 1998. Vol. 50. pp. 69–73.
40. Papangelakis V., Demopulos G. Acid pressure oxidation of pyrite: reaction kinetics. Hydrometallurgy. 1991. Vol. 26. pp. 309–325.
41. Fleming C., Dreisinger D., O’Kane P. Oxidative pressure leach recovery using halide ions. Patent US 6315812. Published: 1999.
42. Liu J., Nicol M. Thermodynamics and kinetics of the dissolution of gold under pressure oxidation conditions in the presence of chloride. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly. 2002. Vol. 41, Iss. 4. pp. 409–415.
43. Fleming C. PLATSOL process provides a viable alternative to smelting. SGS Minerals Services. Technical Paper. 2002-01. 5 p.
44. Ji J., Fleming C., West-Sells P., Hackl R. A novel thiosulfate system for leaching gold without the use of copper and ammonia. Proceedings of the 5^th International Symposium: Hydrometallurgy 2003. Vancouver, Canada. 2003. pp. 227–244.
45. Ferron C., Fleming C., Dreisinger D., O`Kane P. Platsol treatment of the NorthMet copper-nickel-PGM bulk concentrate. Pilot plant results. SGS Minerals Services. Technical Bulletin. 2001-05. 15 p.
46. Ferron C., Fleming C., Dreisinger D., O`Kane P. Single-step pressure leaching of base and precious metals using the PLATSOL process. Proceedings of the International Conference: Alta Nickel-Cobalt. Perth, Australia. 2001. May 13–18.
47. Ferron C., Fleming C., Kane P., Dreisinger D. Pilot plant demonstration of the Platsol Process for the treatment of the NorthMet copper-nickel-PGM deposit. Mining Engineering. 2002. Vol. 54. pp. 33–39.
48. Dreisinger D., Murray W., Hunt D. et al. Metallurgical processing of NorthMet deposit for recovery of Cu – Ni – Co – Zn – Pd – Pt – Au. SGS Minerals Services. Technical Bulletin. 2006-06. 13 p.
49. Ferron C., Wang Q. Copper arsenide minerals as a sustainable feedstock for the copper industry. SGS Minerals Services. Technical Bulletin. 2003-15. 6 p.
50. Yen W., Pindred R. Pressure oxidation of refractory gold ore with sodium hypochlorite. Proceedings of the 13^th International Conference: Precious Metals. 1989. Montreal. Canada. 1989. pp. 335–343.
51. Yen W., Pindred R. Processing of complex ores. Proceedings of International Symposium. Pergamon Press. Toronto. Canada. 1989. pp. 421–429.

52. Ruiz M., Montes K., Padilla R. Chalcopyrite leaching in sulfate – chloride media at ambient pressure. Hydrometallurgy. 2011. Vol. 109. pp. 37–42.
53. Moyes A., Houllis F. Intec base metal processes – releasing the potential of chloride metallurgy technical update and commercialization status. Proceedings of the 32^nd Annual Meeting: Chloride Metallurgy. Montreal. Canada. 2002. Oct. 19–23. pp. 577–592.
54. Baba A., Ayinla K., Adekola F., Ghosh M. A review on novel techniques for chalcopyrite ore processing. International Journal of Mining Engineering and Mineral Processing. 2012. Vol. 1, No. 1. pp. 1–16.
55. Ximing L., Jiajun K., Xinhui M., Bin L. Chlorine leaching of gold-bearing sulphide concentrate and its calcine. Hydrometallurgy. 1992. Vol. 29, Iss. 1-3. pp. 205–215.
56. Hamalainen M., Hyvarinen O., Jyrala M. Solution purification in the Outokumpu HydroCopper Process. Proceedings of the 5^th International Conference: Hydrometallurgy 2003. Vancouver. Canada. 2003. August 24–27. pp. 545–553.
57. Havarinen O., Hamalainen M., Lamberg P., Liipo J. Recovering gold from copper concentrate via the HydroCopperTM process. JOM. 2004. Vol. 56. pp. 57–59.
58. Havarinen O., Hamalainen M. HydroCopper – a new technology producing copper directly from concentrate. Hydrometallurgy. 2005. Vol. 77, Iss. 1-2. pp. 61–65.
59. Sinisalo P., Tiihonen M., Hietala K. Gold recovery from chalcopyrite concentrates in the HydroCopper Process. Proceedings of the International Conference: ALTA 2008. Perth. Australia. 2008. June 19–20. pp. 1–8.
60. Gray A., Katsikaros N., Fallon P. Ore test Colloquium’99: Processing of gold-copper and copper-gold ores. Scarborough, Australia. 1999. November.

61. Gray S., Gannon S., Abols J., Hughes T. Commissioning and operating experience with Gekko’s gold treatment plants. International Conference: Metallurgical Plant Design and Operating Strategies. Perth. Australia. 2006.
62. Hayes G., Corrans I. Leaching of gold-copper ores using ammoniacal cyanide. Proceedings of the International Conference: Extractive Metallurgy of Gold and Base Metals. Australia. Melbourne. 1992. pp. 349–353.
63. Muir D. A review of the selective leaching of gold from oxidised coppergold ores with ammonia – cyanide and new insights for plant control and operation. Minerals Engineering. 2011. Vol. 24, Iss. 6. pp. 576–582.
64. Vukcevic S. The mechanism of gold extraction and copper precipitation from low grade ores in cyanide ammonia systems. Minerals Engineering. 1997. Vol. 10, Iss. 3. pp. 309–326.
65. Muir D., La Brooy S., Deng T., Singh P. The mechanism of the ammoniacyanide system for leaching copper-gold ores. Proceedings of the 4^th International Symposium: Hydrometallurgy: fundamentals, technology and innovations. 1993. pp. 191–204.
66. Muir D., La Brooy S., Cao C. Recovery of gold from copper bearing ores. Proceedings of the International Conference: World Gold ’89. USA. 1989. pp. 363–374.
67. Hourn M., Turner D., Holzberger R. Atmospheric mineral leaching process. Patent US 5993635. Published: 1999.
68. Turner D., Hourn M. Albion process for the treatment of refractory ores. International Conference: Nickel, cobalt, copper, uranium and gold. ALTA 2010. Perth. Australia. 2010. May 24–28. 14 p.
69. Hourn M., Macdonald C., Rohner P., Woodall P. Albion process and leaching high arsenic materials at Mount Isa. ALTA Copper Conference. Melborne. Australia. 2006.
70. Antonijevic M., Jankovic Z., Dimitrijevic M. Kinetics of chalcopyrite dissolution by hydrogen peroxide in sulphuric acid. Hydrometallurgy. 2004. Vol. 71. pp. 329–334.
71. Min X., Watanabe H., Takasaki Y. et al. Copper leaching behavior of iro noxide hosted copper-gold ore in sulfuric acid medium. Materials Transactions. 2008. Vol. 49, Iss. 11. pp. 2611–2617.
72. Kalocsai G. Dissolution of noble metals. Patent US 4684404. Published: 1987.
73. Deschenes G., Ghali E. Leaching of gold from a chalcopyrite concentrate by thiourea. Hydrometallurgy. 1988. Vol. 20. pp. 179–202.
74. Lacoste-Bouchet P., Deschenes G., Ghali E. Thiourea leaching of a coppergold ore using statistical design. Hydrometallurgy. 1998. Vol. 47, Iss. 1-2. pp. 189–203.
75. Batty J., Rorke G. Development and commercial demonstration of the BioCopTM thermophile process. Hydrometallurgy. 2006. Vol. 83, Iss. 1-4. pp. 83–89.
76. Van Staden P. The Mintek / Bactech copper bioleach process. International Symposium ALTA 1998: Copper sulfides. Brisbane. Australia. 1998. October 19.
77. Miller P., Rhodes M., Winby R. et al. Commercialization of bioleaching for base-metal extraction. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration. 1999. Vol. 16, No. 4. pp. 42–50.
78. Dreisinger D. Treatment of gold ores using cyanide or thiosulphate leach solutions. Hydrometallurgy: Current Practice. Short course. Perth. Australia. Mineral Foundation. 1998.
79. Fleming C. Thirty years of turbulent change in the gold industry. CIM Bulletin. 1998. Vol. 91. pp. 55–67.
80. MacPhail P., Fleming C., Sarbutt K. Cyanide recovery by the SART process for the Lobo-Marte project. Proceedings of the Randol Gold and Silver Forum’98. Denver. USA. 1998. April 26–29. pp. 319–324.
81. Kotze M. Gold ion exchange. ALTA 2010 Gold Symposium. Melbourne. Australia. 2010. May 27–28.
82. Van Deventer J., Kotze M., Yahorava V. Gold recovery from copper-rich ores employing the Purolite S992 gold-selective ion exchange resin. ALTA 2012 Gold Conference. Perth. Australia. 2012. May 31 – June 01.
83. Adams M., Lawrence R. Biogenic sulphide for cyanide recycle and copper recovery in gold-copper ore processing. Minerals Engineering. 2007. Vol. 21, Iss. 6. pp. 509–517.
84. Cuenca H., Febre P., House F. The SART process: an attractive technology to recover copper and cyanide from gold mining. Conference: M2R2 Workshop. Expomin 2012. Santiago. Chile – Arcadis. 2012. 13 p.
85. Rivieros P., Koren D., McNamara V., Binvignat J. Mini pilot plant evaluation of the AVR Process for the Las Cristinas gold project. Proceedings of the Randol Gold Forum’97. Monterey. USA. 1997. pp. 231–235.
86. Silva A., Costa R., Martins A. Cyanide regeneration by AVR process using ion exchange polymeric resins. Minerals Engineering. 2003. Vol. 16, Iss. 6. pp. 555–557.
87. Fleming C., Nicol M. The absorption of gold cyanide onto activated carbon. Ill. Factors influencing the rate of loading and the equilibrium capacity. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. 1984. Vol. 84, No. 4. pp. 85–93.
88. Sceresini B., Richardson P. Development and application of a process for the recovery of copper and complexed cyanide from cyanidation slurries. Proceedings of the Randol Gold Forum Cairns ‘91. Colorado. USA. 1991. pp. 265–269.
89. Sceresini B., Staunton W. Copper/cyanide in the treatment of high copper gold ores. Proceedings of the International Conference: Extractive metallurgy. 1991. pp. 123–125.
90. Breuer P., Dai X., Jeffrey M. Leaching of gold and copper minerals in cyanide deficient copper solutions. Hydrometallurgy. 2005. Vol. 78, Iss. 3-4. pp. 156–165.
91. Dai X., Breuer P. Cyanide and copper cyanide recovery by activated carbon. Minerals Engineering. 2009. Vol. 22, Iss. 5. pp. 469–476.
92. Dai X., Breuer P., Jeffrey M. Comparison of activated carbon and ionexchange resins in recovering copper from cyanide leach solutions. Hydrometallurgy. 2010. Vol. 101. pp. 48–57.
93. Lukey G., van Deventer J., Shallcross D. Selective elution of copper and iron cyanide complexes from ion exchange resins using saline solutions. Hydrometallurgy. 2000. Vol. 56. pp. 217–236.
94. Lukey G., van Deventer J., Shallcross D. The effect of functional group structure on the Elution of metal cyanide complexes from ion-exchange resins. Separation Science and Technology. 2000. Vol. 35, Iss. 15. pp. 2393–2413.
95. Fleming C., Cromberge G. The elution of aurocyanide from strong-and weak-base resins. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. 1984. Vol. 84, No. 9. pp. 269–280.
96. Kolarz B., Bartkowiak D., Trochimczuk A. W. et al. New selective resins with guanidyl groups. Reactive & Functional Polymers. 1998. Vol. 36, No. 2. pp. 185–195.
97. Riveros P. Selectivity aspects of the extraction of gold from cyanide solutions with ion exchange resins. Hydrometallurgy. 1993. Vol. 33. pp. 43–58.
98. Akser M., Wan R., Miller J. Synthesis of new phosphonate ester resins for adsorption of gold from alkaline cyanide solution. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 1987. Vol. 18. pp. 625–633.
99. Dicinoski G. Novel resins for the selective extraction of gold from copper rich ores. South African Journal of Chemistry. 2000. Vol. 53, No. 1. pp. 33–43.
100. Green B., Kotze M., Wyethe J. Developments in ion exchange: The mintek perspective. JOM. 2002. Vol. 54, No. 10. pp. 37–43.
101. Huber A., Holbein B., Kidby D. Metal uptake by synthetic and biosynthetic chemicals. Biosorption of heavy metals CRC Press. 1990. pp. 249–291.
102. Briggs A., Kidby D. Cyanide recovery using Vitrokele technology: projected economic analysis. Proceedings of the Randol Gold Forum’90. Squaw Valley. USA. 1990. pp. 325–328.
103. Whittle L. The piloting of Vitrokele for cyanide recovery and waste management at two Canadian gold mines. Proceedings of the Randol Gold Forum’ 92. Vancouver, Canada. 1992. pp. 379–384.
104. Satalic D., Spencer P., Paterson M. Vitrokele: commercial application in the gold industry. AusIMM. Parkville, Australia. 1996. pp. 167–172.

105. Paterson M. Application of Vitrokele technology to the treatment of copper/gold ores. Proceeding of the ALTA Copper Hydrometallurgical Forum. Brisbane. Australia. 1997.
106. Tran T., Lee K., Fernando K., Rayner S. Use of ion exchange resin for cyanide management during the processing of copper-gold ores. Proceedings of the International Congress: Mineral processing and extractive metallurgy (MINPREX 2000). Melbourne. Australia. 2000. September 11–13. pp. 207–215.
107. Fleming C. The potential role of anion exchange resins in the gold industry. Proceedings of the EPD Congress 1998. San Antonio. USA. 1998. pp. 95–117.
108. Fleming C., Grot W., Thorpe J. Hydrometallurgical extraction process. Patent US 5807421. Published: 1998.
109. Thorpe J., Fleming C. Process for recovering cyanide from copper-containing feed material. Patent US 6919030. Published: 2003.
110. Fernando K., Tran T., Zwolak G. The use of ion exchange resins for the treatment of cyanidation tailings. Part 2 – pilot plant testing. Minerals Engineering. 2005. Vol. 18, Iss. 1. pp. 109–117.
111. Fernando K., Lucien F., Tran T., Carter M. Ion exchange resins for the treatment of cyanidation tailings: Part 3 – Resin deterioration under oxidative acid conditions. Minerals Engineering. 2008. Vol. 21. pp. 683–690.
112. Fernando K., Tran T., Laing S., Kim M. The use of ion exchange resins for the treatment of cyanidation tailings. Part 1 – Process development of selective base metal elution. Minerals Engineering. 2002. Vol. 15. pp. 1163–1171.
113. Fleming C. The case for cyanide recovery from gold plant tailings – positive economics plus environmental stewardship. Proceedings of the TMS Annual Meeting: Cyanide: social, industrial and economic aspects. New Orleans, USA. 2001. February 12–15. pp. 271–288.
114. Parga J., Valenzuela J., Moreno H., Perez J. Copper and cyanide recovery in cyanidation effluents. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science. 2011. Vol. 1. pp. 191–197.
115. Taylor A., Jansen M. Overview of gangue mineralogy issues in oxide copper heap leaching. Proceedings of the International Conference: ALTA Copper 1999. Brisbane. Australia. 1999. September 6–8.
116. Jansen M., Taylor A. A new approach to heap leach modeling and scaleup. Proceedings of the International Conference: ALTA Copper 2000. Perth. Australia. 2000. August. pp. 1–30.
117. Xie F., Dreisinger D. Studies on solvent extraction of copper and cyanide from waste cyanide solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009. Vol. 169, Iss. 1-3. pp. 333–338.
118. Ulbricht M. Advanced functional polymer membranes. Polymer. 2006. Vol. 47, Iss. 7. pp. 2217–2262.
119. Lombardi J., Bernard R. HW process technologies, INC’S engineered membrane separation (EMS) of copper and gold in cyanide solutions. Proceedings of the TMS Annual Meeting: Cyanide: social, industrial and economic aspects. New Orleans. USA. 2001. February 12–15. pp. 341–346.
120. Lien L. Membrane technologies for mining and refinery processing improvements. Proceedings of the 29^th Annual Hydrometallurgical Meeting. Montreal. Canada. 1999. pp. 65–76.
121. Dai X., Breuer P., Jeffrey M. Electrowinning of copper from copper-cyanide solutions at low pH. ECS Transactions. 2010. Vol. 28, No. 6. pp. 281–294.
122. Lemos F., Sobral L., Dutra A. Copper electrowinning from gold plant waste streams. Minerals Engineering. 2006. Vol. 19. pp. 388–398.
123. Wang B., Lan X., Song Y., Li Y. Copper electrowinning from gold plant cyanide-containing solution. Materials Science Forum. 2009. Vol. 610-613. pp. 41–47.
124. Jay W. Copper-gold cyanide recovery systems. Proceedings of the TMS Annual Meeting: Cyanide: social, industrial and economic aspects. New Orleans. USA. 2001. pp. 317–340.
125. Smith B., Robinson T. Process for the displacement of cyanide ions from metal-cyanide complexes. Patent US 5643456. Published: 1997.
126. Fleming C. Cyanide recovery. Advances in gold ore processing. Elsevier. 2005. pp. 703–727.
127. Fleming C., Trang C. Review of options for cyanide recovery at gold and silver mines. Proceedings of the Randol gold and silver Forum’98. Denver. USA. 1998. pp. 313–318.
128. Filippou D., St-Germain P., Grammatikopoulos T. Recovery of metal values from copper-arsenic minerals and other related resources. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 2007. Vol. 28, Iss. 4. pp. 247–298.
129. Lattanzi P., Da Pelo S., Musu E. et al. Enargite oxidation : A review. Earth-Science Reviews. 2008. Vol. 86, Iss. 1-4. pp. 62–88.
130. Munoz J., Blazquez M., Gonzalez F. et al. Electrochemical study of enargite bioleaching by mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms. Hydrometallurgy. 2006. Vol. 84, Iss. 3-4. pp. 175–186.
131. Hol A., van der Weijden R., Van Weert G. et al. Bio-reduction of elemental sulfur to increase the gold recovery from enargite. Hydrometallurgy. 2012. Vol. 115-116. pp. 93–97.
132. Canales C., Acevedo F., Gentina J. Laboratory-scale continuous biooxidation of a gold concentrate of high pyrite and enargite content. Process Biochemistry. 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 10. pp. 1051–1055.
133. Dutrizac J., McDonald R. The kinetics of dissolution of enargite in acidified ferric sulphate solutions. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly. 1972. Vol. 11. pp. 469–476.
134. Welham N. Mechanochemical processing of enargite. Hydrometallurgy. 2001. Vol. 62. pp. 165–173.
135. Padilla R., Rivas C., Ruiz M. Mechanism of enargite pressure leaching in the sulphat-Oxygen media. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 2008. Vol. 39. pp. 399–407.
136. Gajam S., Raghavan S. A kinetic study of enargite dissolution in ammoniacal solutions. International Journal of Mineral Processing. 1983. Vol. 10. pp. 113–129.
137. Correia M., Carvalho J., Monhemius A. Study of the autoclave leaching of a tetrahedrite concentrate. Minerals Engineering. 1993. Vol. 6, Iss. 11. pp. 1117–1125.
138. Balaz P., Sekula F., Jakabsky S., Kammel R. Application of attrition grinding in alkaline leaching of tetrahedrite. Minerals Engineering. 1995. Vol. 8, No. 11. pp. 1299–1308.
139. Acevedo F., Gentina J., Garcia N. CO2 supply in the biooxidation of an enargite-pyrite gold concentrate. Biotechnology Letters. 1998. Vol. 20. pp. 257–259.
140. Escobar B., Huenupi E., Wiertz J. Chemical and biological leaching of enargite. Biotechnology Letters. 1997. Vol. 19. pp. 719–722.
141. Escobar B., Huenupi E., Godoy I., Wiertz J. Arsenic precipitation in the bioleaching enargite by Sulfolobus BC at 70 ^oC. Biotechnology Letters. 2000. Vol. 22. pp. 205–209.
142. Curreli L., Loi G., Peretti R. et al. Gold recovery enhancement from complex sulphide ores through combined bioleaching and cyanidation. Minerals Engineering. 1997. Vol. 10. pp. 567–576.
143. Curreli L., Ghiani M., Surracco M., Orru G. Benefciation of a gold bearing enargite ore by flotation and As leaching with Na-hypochlorite. Minerals Engineering. 2005. Vol. 18. pp. 849–854.
144. Balaz P., Achimovicova M., Sanchez M., Kammel R. Attrition grinding and leaching of enargite concentrate. Metallwissenschaft und Technik. 1999. Vol. 53. pp. 53–56.
145. Janssen A., Ruitenberg R., Buisman C. Industrial applications of new sulfur biotechnology. Water Science and Technology. 2001. Vol. 44, Iss. 8. pp. 85–90.
146. Oraby E., Eksteen J., Tanda B. Gold and copper leaching from old-copper ores and concentrates using a synergis tic lixiviant mixture of glycine and cyanide. Hydrometallurgy. 2017. Vol. 169. pp. 339–345.
147. Pereira A., Barbosa V. Effectiveness acidic pre-cleaning for copper-gold ore. International Engineering Journal. 2017. Vol. 70. pp. 445–450.
148. Hedjazi F., Monhemius A. Industrial application of ammonia assisted cyanide leaching for copper-gold ores. Minerals Engineering. 2018. Vol. 126. pp. 123–129.
149. Estay H. Designing the SART process. A review. Hydrometallurgy. 2018. Vol. 176. pp. 147–165.
150. Msumange D., Yazici E., Celep O., Deveci H. Investigation of the amenability of a copper-rich refractory gold ore to cyanide leaching. Scientific Mining Journal. 2020. Vol. 59, Iss. 4. pp. 225–234.
151. Medina D., Anderson C. Review of the cyanidation treatment of coppergold ores and concentrates. Metals. 2020. Vol. 10, No. 897.