Khmelnytskyi National University, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine:

A. A. Nester, Associate Professor at the Department of Construction and Civil Security, Doctor of Technical Sciences, e-mail: nesteranatol111@gmail.com
A. A. Nikitin, Associate Professor at the Department of Construction and Civil Security, Candidate of Technical Sciences
A. V. Pridoloba, Master’s Student at the Department of Foreign Language Practice and Teaching Methods

National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, Ukraine:

A. N. Husiev, Associate Professor at the Department of Safety and Industrial and Civil Security, Candidate of Technical Sciences

Dumping and saving waste pickling solutions on the territory of enterprises leads to environmental pollution and requires significant costs at the plant and in wastewater treatment plants at the production sites when neutralizing them. The aim of the article is to present the results of research and tests in order to create environmentally friendly equipment. In this work, we studied the individual processes of regeneration of copperammonia pickling solutions with the production of dense copper deposits, the release of which drastically reduces the formation and storage of waste in the form of sludges in the territory of enterprises. It is pointed out that the chemical correction of etching solutions leads to the formation of a significant amount of wastewater, which contains heavy metals that adversely affect soils, groundwater, the plant world and humans, as the top of the food chain. The creation of equipment for the regeneration of used solutions with the release of metal in a form suitable for melting becomes an important element of environmental conservation and a cost-effective element of the process. The PCB etching line, created on the basis of research, allows for reusage in the technological process of wastewater after its recovery (regeneration) and use for the etching of the substrate of the printed circuit boards. For the regeneration of a copper-alkaline solution, a continuous installation using a cathode made of stainless steel or titanium with a thickness of 3 mm and a graphite anode with a thickness of 30 mm was proposed. The results of individual tests that indicate the possibility of using separated copper for metallization of substrates in the corresponding technological processes or after remelting for electrical purposesare presented. The use of a process with the precipitation of copper by dense precipitation makes it easier to remove metal by simple mechanical operations and to avoid a complex structure for the extraction of copper in the form of metal powders.

1. Chervoniy I. F., Bredikhin V. M., Gritsay V. P., Ignatiev V. S., Ivashchenko V. I. et al. Non-ferrous metallurgy of Ukraine, Vol. 1, Part 1: Monograph. Zaporozhye : ZDIA, 2014. 380 p.
2. A national report on the status of environmental protection in Ukraine. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection. Available at: http://old.menr.gov.ua/index.php/dopovidi (Accessed: 29.05.2021).
3. Grizzetti B., Pistocchi A., Liquete C., Udias A., Bouraoui F. et al. Human pressures and ecological status of European rivers. Scientific Reports. 2017. Vol. 7. Available at: https://www.umwelt-bundesamt/sites/2018_indikatorenbedeutung-wasser.pdf (Accessed: 28.05.2021).
4. Mitryasova O., Pohrebennyk V., Selivanova A. Environmental Risk of Surface Water Resources Degradation. Water Supply and Wastewater Removal. Politechnika Lubelska. 2018. pp. 152–162.
5. Makisha N., Yunchina M. Methods and solutions for galvanic waste water treatment. Matec Web of Conferences. 2017. Vol. 106. Article number 07016.
6. Oliveira A. D., Bocio A., Beltramini Trevilato T. M., MagossoTakayanagui A. M., Domingo J. L., Segura-Muñoz S. I. Heavy metals in untreated/treated urban effluent and sludge from a biological wastewater treatment plant. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2007. Vol. 14. pp. 483–489.
7. Petryk A., Chop M., Pohrebennyk V. The assessment of the degree of pollution of fallow vegetation with heavy metals in rural administrative units of Psary and Poki in Poland. 18^th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2018: Conference proceedings. 2–8 July, 2018, Albena, Bulgaria. 2018. pp. 921–928.

8. Nester A. A. Treatment of wastewater generated by the printed circuit board industry: Monograph. Khmelnytskyi : Khmelnytskyi natsionalnyi universitet, 2016. 219 p.
9. Cui J., Zhang L., Mater J. H. Metallurgical recovery of metals from electronic waste: review. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2008. Vol. 158. pp. 228–256.
10. Nester A. A., Drapak G. M. Microstructure research and recovery copper technology, released from restored water solutions. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2008. Vol. 17, No. 3A. Olsztyn. pp. 423–426.
11. Nester A. A., Evgrashkina G. P. Predicting the sludge pollution status of a machine-building site producing circuit boards and plated parts. Izvestiya Tulskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Tekhnicheskie nauki. 2017. Iss. 6. pp. 193–200.
12. Liu Y., Lam M. C., Fang H. H. P. Adsorption of heavy metals by EPS of activated sludge. Water Science and Technology. 2001. Vol. 43. pp. 59–66.
13. Pashayan A. A., Karmanov D. A. Treatment of plating wastewater avoiding the production of galvanic sludge. Ekologiya i promyshlennost Rossii. 2018. Vol. 22, No. 12. pp. 19–21. DOI: 10.18412/1816-0395-2018-12-19-21.
14. Proleychik A. Yu., Gaponenkov I. A., Fedorova O. A. Recovery of heavy metal ions from inorganic wastewaters. Ekologiya i promyshlennost Rossii. 2018. Vol. 22, No. 3. pp. 35–39. DOI: 10.18412/1816-0395-2018-3-35-39.
15. Bloomberg M., Paulson H., Steyer T. Risky business: The economic risks of climate change in the United States. Available online: Available at: http://riskybusiness.org/ (Accessed on: 26 June 2014).
16. Klyachkin V. N., Shirkunova K. S., Bart A. D. Analyzing the consistency of the chemical composition of wastewater generated by the printed circuit board industry. Ekologiya i promyshlennost Rossii. 2019. Vol. 23, No. 5. pp. 47–51. DOI: 10.18412/1816-0395-2019-5-47-51.
17. Vershinina I. A., Martynenko T. S. The problems of waste disposal and social and ecological inequality. Ekologiya i promyshlennost Rossii. 2019. Vol. 23, No. 5. pp. 52–55. DOI: 10.18412/1816-0395-2019-5-52-55.
18. Dorokhina E. Yu., Kharchenko S. G. Closed-loop economy: Problems and development paths. Ekologiya i promyshlennost Rossii. 2017. Vol. 21, No. 3. pp. 50–55. DOI: 10.18412/1816-0395-2017-3-50-55.
19. Alekhya M., Divya N., Jyothirmai G., Dr. Rajashekhar K. Reddy Secured landfills for disposal of municipal solid waste. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science. 2013. Vol. 1, Iss. 1. pp. 368–373.
20. Bates B. C., Kundzewicz Z. W., Wu S., Palutikof J. P. Climate Change and Water. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva, Switzerland, 2008. 210 p.
21. Ishchenko V., Pohrebennyk V., Borowik B., Falat P., Shaikhanova A. Toxic substances in hazardous household waste. International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM. 2018. Vol. 18 . pp. 223–230.
22. Magalhaes J. M., Silva J. E., Castro F. P., Labrincha J. A. Kinetic study of the inmobilization of galvanic sludge in clay-based matrix. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2005. Vol. 221, Iss. 1-3. pp. 69–78.
23. Mymrin V., Borgo S. C., Alekseev K., Avanci M. A., Rolim P. H. et al. Galvanic Cr – Zn and spent foundry sand waste application as valuable components of sustainable ceramics to prevent environment pollution. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2020. Vol. 107, No. 3-4. pp. 1239–1250.
24. Guidelines R 2.1.10.1920–04. Guidelines on the evaluation of human health risks posed by chemical pollutants. Moscow : Federalnyi tsentr gossanepidnadzora Minzdrava Rossii, 2004. 4 p.