Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (St. Petersburg, Russia):

A. A. Kazakov, Dr. Eng., Prof., Head of “Metallurgical Examination” Lab., e-mail: kazakov@thixomet.ru
A. I. Zhitenev, Engineer, “Metallurgical Examination” Lab., e-mail: zhitenev@thixomet.ru
M. A. Salynova, Engineer, “Metallurgical Examination” Lab.

The practice for extreme value analysis of nonmetallic inclusions described in ASTM E2283 has been applied to the examples for assessing the nonmetallic inclusions in super duty steels. An original interpretation of the measurement results obtained according to ASTM E2283 technique has been proposed, which allows extending the limits of the scope of this standard to also evaluate exogenous inclusions. This study has shown that the practice defined in ASTM E2283 can be used to identify a random, single exogenous inclusion among the largest indigenous nonmetallic inclusions, as well as to predict the longest exogenous inclusions, if they have a systemic source of penetration into the melt and are described by the corresponding Gumbel distribution. It has been found that the modern level of secondary metallurgy can produce steels with low indigenous nonmetallic inclusion ratings; however, failures of the pouring and casting technology can lead to the presence of coarse exogenous nonmetallic inclusions in the finished metal products.

1. Murakami Y. Metal Fatigue: Effects of Small Defects and Nonmetallic Inclusions. Tokyo, Yokendo Ltd. 1993. pp. 75–122.
2. Gubenko S. I., Parusov V. V., Derevyanchenko I. V. Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel. Donetsk: Art-Press. 2005. 225 p.
3. Durynin V. A., Solntsev Yu. P. Study and Improvement of the Production Technology to Increase Resource of Steel Articles from Large-Sized Forged Pieces for Critical Applications. Saint-Petersburg: Khimizdat. 2006. 272 p.
4. Smirnov A. N., Makulov S. L., Safonov V. M., Tsuprun A. Yu. Large Sized Ingot. Donetsk: DonNTU. 2009. 278 pgs.
5. Durynin V. A., Titova T. I., Matveev G. P., Balandin S. Yu. Study of Quality of the Large-Sized Shell Made from 15Cr2NiMoVA Steel 360t Ingot for a Nuclear Reactor, Elektrometallurgiya. 2003. No. 9. pp. 45–48.
6. Dub V. S., Romashkin A. N., Malygin A. N. Basic Trends in Development of the Technology for Steel Casting in Ingots. Metallurg. 2013. No. 6. pp. 31–34.
7. Gurovich B. A., Kuleshova Е. А., Fedotova S. V., Frolov A. S., Maltsev D. А. Phase Transformations in Materials of Check Test Pieces during Long-Run Temperature Holding at Working Temperatures of VVER-1000 Reactor Shells. Tyazheloe mashinostroenie. 2012. No. 7. pp. 22–26.
8. Gurovich B. A., Kuleshova Е. А., Maltsev D. А., Fedotova S. V., Frolov A. S. Relationship Working Characteristics of Nuclear Reactor Shell Steels with Evolution of their Nanostructure under Action of Working Temperature and Radiation. Fizika Radiatsionnykh Povrezhdeni i Radiatsionnoe Materialovedenie. 2013. No. 2(84). pp. 3–10.
9. Gurovich B. A., Kuleshova Е. А., Artamonov М. А., Erdak А. D. Comparative Features of Brittle Fracture Initiation in COD-type Samples of VVER-1000 Reactor Basic Metal and Weld Joint Metal after Testing on Crack Growth Resistance. Proceedings of the VIII International Scientific and Technical Conference “Accident prevention of VVER NPP”. 28–31 May 2013. Podolsk. pp. 1–8.
10. Kazakov A. A., Zhitenev A. I., Kolpishon E. Yu., Salynova M. A. Nonmetallic Inclusions Quantitative Assessment for Forgings Made from Super Large Steel Ingot. Chernye Matally. 2018. No. 12. pp. 50–56.
11. AAR Specification M  107/M  208. Standard for Wheels, Wrought Carbon Steel. 2017. 8 p.
12. ASTM E1245-03. Standard Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis. 2003, 8 p.
13. Kazakov A. A., Zhitenev A. I., Salynova M. A. Estimation of Single Large Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel Using Statistics of Extreme Values. Chernye Metally. 2018. No. 11. pp. 70–74.
14. Spektor Ya. I., Lyashenko V. P., Samsonov A. N. Study of Fatigue Microcracks and Nonmetallic Inclusions. Stali i Nemetallicheskie Vklyucheniya. 1980. No. 4. pp. 30–38.
15. Gumbel E. J. Statistics of Extremes. Columbia University Press. New York. 1958. pp. 349–358.

16. Murakami Y. Inclusion Rating by Statistics of Extreme Values and Its Application to Fatigue Strength Prediction and Quality Control of Materials. Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 1994. Vol. 99. No. 4. pp. 345–351.
17. Lipiski T., Wach A., Detyna E. Influence of Large Nonmetallic Inclusions on Bending Fatigue Strength of Hardened and Tempered Steels. Advances in Material Science. 2015. Vol. 15. No. 3 (45). September. pp. 33–40.
18. ASTM E2283-08. Standard Practice for Extreme Value Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel and Other Microstructural Features. 2008, 11 p.
19. Kanbe Y., Karasev A., Todoroki H., Jonsson Par G. Application of Extreme Value Analysis for Two- and Three-Dimensional Determinations of the Largest Inclusion in Metal Samples. ISIJ International. 2011. Vol. 51. Iss. 4. pp. 593–602.
20. Kanbe Y., Karasev A., Todoroki H., Jonsson Par G. Analysis of Largest Sulfide Inclusions in Low Carbon Steel by Using Statistics of Extreme Values. Steel Research Int. 2011. Iss. 82. pp. 313–322.
21. Beretta S., Murakami Y. Largest-Extreme-Value Distribution Analysis of Multiple Inclusion Types in Determining
Steel Cleanliness. Metall. Mater. Trans. B. 2001. Vol. 32B. pp. 517–523.
22. Schmiedt A. B., Dickert H. H., Bleck W., Kamps U. Multivariance Extreme Value Analysis and its Relevance in a Metallographical Application. Journal of Applied Statistics. 2014. Vol. 41. No. 3. pp. 582–595. DOI: 10.1080/02664763.2013.845872
23. Beretta S., Anderson C. W. Extreme Value Statistics in Metal Fatigue. Societa Italiana di Statistica: Atti Della XLI Riunione Scientifica. 2002. pp. 251–260.
24. Ekengren J., Bergstrom J. Extreme Value Distributions of Inclusions in six Steels. Extremes. 2012. No. 15. pp. 257–265.
25. Zhang J. M., Zhang J. F., Yang Z. G., Li G. Y., Yao G., Li S. X., Hui W. J., Weng Y. Q. Estimation of Maximum Inclusions Size and Fatigue Strength in High-Strength ADF1 Steel, Materials Science and Engineering. 2005. No. 394. pp. 126–131.
26. Trushnikova A. S. The Use of Mathematical Statistics Methods for Predicting the Content of Large Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel. Proceedings of V Russian Conference of Young Researches. Promising materials. Special Issue. 2008. pp. 244–246.
27. Kazakov A. A., Zhitenev A. I., Ryaboshuk S. V. Interpretation and Classification of Nonmetallic Inclusions. Materials Performance and Characterization. 2016. pp. 535–543.
28. Kazakov A. A., Zhitenev A. I. Assessment and Interpretation of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel. CIS Iron and Steel Review. 2018. Vol. 16. pp. 33–38.
29. Thomas B. G. Mathematical Modeling of the Continuous Slab Casting Mold: A State-of-the-Art Review. 74^th Steelmaking Conference Proceedings. Warrendale. PA. Iron and Steel Society, 1991. pp. 105–118.
30. Titova T. I., Bocharov S. A., Ratushev D. V., Malykhina O. Yu. Afanaseva L. T., Efimov S. V. Study of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Metal of Reactor Shell Workpiece from the Steel 15Cr2Ni-MoVA in Dependence on the Technology for Manufacturing Large-Sized Ingots. Proceedings of the X International Scientific and Technical Conference “Accident Prevention of VVER NPP”. 16–19 May 2017. pp. 1–5.