D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia (Moscow, Russia):

D. Yu. Zhukov, Dr. Eng., Adviser to the Rector

R. Yu. M. Averina, Dr. Eng., Associate Prof., Dept. of Innovative Materials and Corrosion Protection, e-mail: averinajm@mail.ru

This paper describes a new pyrometallurgical technology for producing manganese ferroalloys from a new type of manganese materials — i.e. chemical concentrates, such as synthetic pyrolusite and chemisorption concentrate, which are produced from low-grade manganese material through pyrometallurgical processing. Two processes are described: a silicothermal process of producing low-carbon manganese in an electric furnace and an aluminothermic process of producing metallic manganese. A simple process, a high reaction rate, the possibility to set up a continuous process and feasibility in the current market environment all indicate that the aluminothermic process is likely to be adopted by the industry. Metallic manganese, the product of the aluminothermic process, is used in the production of alloyed steels and special-purpose manganese alloys. The possibility to use slag as clinker adds to the cost-effectiveness of this process.

This research was funded by D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia. Project No.: X032-2018.

1. Zhukov D. Yu. Prospective production of metallic manganese from low-grade ores in Russia. Advanced production technology. Khimicheskaya promyshlennost segodnya. 2015. No. 6. pp. 8–17.
2. Alafara A. Baba, Lateef Ibrahim, Folahan A. Adekola, Rafiu B. Bale, Malay K. Ghosh, and etc. Hydrometallurgical Processing of Manganese Ores: A Review. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering. 2014. No. 2. pp. 230–247.
3. Wensheng Zhang, Chu Yong Cheng. Manganese metallurgy review. Part I: Leaching of ores/secondary materials and recovery of electrolytic/chemical manganese dioxide. Hydrometallurgy. 2007. Vol. 89. pp. 137–159.
4. Qing-quan Lin, Guo-hua Gu, Hui Wang, Ren-feng Zhu, and etc. Preparation of manganese sulfate from low-grade manganese carbonate ores by sulfuric acid leaching. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials. 2016. Vol. 23. No. 5 (May). p. 491.
5. Zhukov D. Yu. Sulfuric acid leaching of manganese ores: Process modelling and optimization. Khimicheskaya promyshlennost segodnya. 2014. No. 9. pp. 19–27.
6. Zhukov D., Vartanyan M., Malkov A. Production of Manganese Alloys from Low-Grade Ores: a Modern Approach. In: Science and Technologies in Geology, Exploration and Mining. Sofia, 2014. Vol. 4. pp. 123–130.
7. Zhukov D. Yu. Sorption recovery of manganese from manganese carbonate containing precipitate: Process modeling and optimization. Khimicheskaya promyshlennost segodnya. 2015. No. 6. pp. 18–25.
8. Seregin A. N., Ermolov V. M., Konoplev R. A. Method to melt low-carbon manganiferous alloys. Patent RF, No. 2455379. 2012.
9. Manganese market outlook till 2022. A new annual study of Metal Expert. Moscow : Metall Ekspert Rossiya, 2013. 48 p.
10. Khodina M. A. The Russian market of manganese products and their prospective substitution with in-country alternatives. Razvedka i okhrana nedr. 2017. No. 2. pp. 42–48.
11. Boyarko G. Yu., Khatkov V. Yu. Commercial streams of ferroalloys in Russia. Chernye Metally. 2018. No. 3. pp. 60–69.
12. Aluminothermic production of special grades of ferrochromium and metallic chromium. Available at: https://metallurgy.zp.ua/alyuminotermicheskoe-proizvodstvo-spetsialnyh-sortov-ferrohroma-i-metallicheskogo-hroma/
13. Technology of metallic chromium production. Available at: http://emchezgia.ru/ferrosplavy/33_proizvodstvo_Cr.php
14. Melting of metallic chromium. Large encyclopedia of oil and gas. Available at: http://www.ngpedia.ru/id257651p1.html
15. Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Non-Ferrous Metal Industries. Working draft. Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Bureau, Seville, Draft 3 February 2013. Available at: http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/NFMbw_17_04-03-2013.pdf
16. Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide. Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Bureau, Seville, 2013. Available at: http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/cl.html.