Nauka Design and Engineering Center, Krasnoyarsk Division, Institute of Computational Technologies, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia:

I. V. Zenkov, Senior Researcher, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, zenkoviv@mail.ru

Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia:
I. M. Baradulin, Post-Graduate Student

Slow-rate development of mineral resources in Siberia is connected with remoteness of mineral fields and deficiency in hard-surface roads. The approval of the government transport system program in Siberia requires boosting road metal production and quarrying expansion. Mined-out voids of depleted quarries disturb lands and remain bare for a long time. The situation in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is of particular concern. It is urgently required to find planting methods for mined-out ballast quarries. The obstacle is the traditional geometry of mined-out open pits, with steep walls and vast bottom flooded with atmospheric precipitations. Ecological monitoring of mined-out surface mines in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and most effective vegetation of mined-out voids shows that, given the local climate (long cold winter and short hot summer), population of trees is higher on the southern and eastern pit walls, where moisture content is higher and trees are less dehumidified under the sun in simmer; of no less significance is flatness of slopes and weak inclination (3–5°) of roads towards pit walls, as well as presence of fertile soil layer in the walls. On special purpose plots of land 0.2 ha in area, trees have been counted per each element of a quarry, which makes the basis to develop recommendations on environmentally optimal shape of quarries: maximum area of the southern and eastern pitwalls to be slightly sloping (15–24°), minimum technologically reasoned area of bottom is shifted northwestward.

The study is in accordance with the Fundamental Research Program of the National Academies of Sciences for 2013–2020 and the research plan of the Nauka Design and Engineering Center, ICT SB RAS for 2013–2017, under the project “Information Support Models and Technologies for Evaluation, Forecasting and Management of Regional Eco-Systems, Territorial Infrastructure and Natural and Industrial Safety”.

1. Ilin S. A., Kovalenko V. S., Pastikhin D. V. Sibir kak perspektivnyy poligon dlya osvoeniya mineralnykh resursov otkrytym sposobom (Siberia as a prospective ground for the development of mineral resources by open-cut method). Gornyi Zhurnal = Mining Journal. 2013. No. 3. pp. 63–67 (first part); No. 4. pp. 30–36 (second part).
2. Laarmann D., Korjus H., Sims A., Kangur A., Kiviste A., Stanturf J. A. Evaluation of afforestation development and natural colonization on a reclaimed mine site. Restoration Ecology. 2015. Vol. 23(3). pp. 301–309.
3. Naeth M. A., Wilkinson S. R. Establishment of Restoration Trajectories for Upland Tundra Communities on Diamond Mine Wastes in the Canadian Arctic. Restoration Ecology. 2014. Vol. 22(4). pp. 534–543.
4. Turner S. T., Steadman K. J., Vlahos S., Koch J. M., Dixon K. W. Seed Treatment Optimizes Benefits of Seed Bank Storage for Restoration-Ready Seeds: The Feasibility of Prestorage Dormancy Alleviation for Mine-Site Revegetation. Restoration Ecology. 2013. Vol. 21(2). pp. 186–192.
5. Ilin S. A. Nagornye karery mira. Chast 1 (Upland open pits of the world. Part 1). Moscow : Information-analytical center of mining sciences, 1993. 224 p.
6. Gosudarstvennaya programma «Razvitie transportnoy sistemy» (State program «Development of transport system»). Available at: http://government.ru/programs/206/events (in Russian)
7. Gosudarstvennaya programma Rossiyskoy Federatsii «Razvitie lesnogo khozyaystva na 2013–2020 gody» (State program of Russian Federation «Development of forestry for 2013–2020»). Available at: http://www.mnr.gov.ru/regulatory/detail.php?ID=130042 (in Russian)
8. Ilin S. A., Kovalenko V. S., Pastikhin D. V. Povyshenie ekonomicheskoy effektivnosti otkrytykh gornykh rabot (Increasing of economic efficiency of open-cast). Gornyi Zhurnal = Mining Journal. 2012. No. 6. pp. 56–65.
9. Kosolapov A. I., Nazarova E. Yu. Povyshenie effektivnosti ispolzovaniya vyrabotannykh prostranstv karbonatnykh karerov vblizi selitebnykh territoriy (Increasing of efficiency of application of carbonate pit goaf near selitebe territories). Gornyy informatsionno-analiticheskiy byulleten = Mining Informational-Analytical Bulletin. 2012. No. 10. pp. 52–60.
10. Talgamer B. L., Korobkova E. A. Obosnovanie rabot po prirodookhrannomu napravleniyu rekultivatsii vyrabotannogo prostranstva (Substantiation of works for natural-protection goaf recultivation). Vestnik Irkutskogo Gosudarstvennogo Tekhnicheskogo Universiteta = Bulletin of Irkutsk State Technical University. 2011. No. 9(56). pp. 79–82.
11. Talgamer B. L., Semenov M. E. Korobkova E. A. Analiz struktury narushennykh karerami zemel v usloviyakh Vostochnoy Sibiri (Analysis of the structure of pit-disturbed soils in Eastern Siberia). Izvestiya vuzov. Gornyy zhurnal = Proceedings of Universities. Mining Journal. 2012. No. 8. pp. 16–21.
12. Fomin S. I., Faul A. A. Sposoby snizheniya ekologicheskoy nagruzki na gorno dobyvayushchie regiony (Methods of decrease of ecological load on mining regions). Zapiski gornogo instituta = Proceedings of the Mining Institute. 2013. Vol. 203. pp. 215–219.
13. Perti R., Stein W., Dahmen D., Buschhüt K. Sustainable follow-up use of recultivated surfaces. World of Mining – Surface & Underground. 2013. Vol. 65, Published bimonthly No. 2. pp. 92–101.
14. Hinzen A. Re-planning the post-mine landscape in the Inden opencast mine in a dialogue with the region. World of Mining – Surface & Underground. 2012. Vol. 64, No. 3. pp. 173–179.
15. Zenkov I. V., Nefedov B. N., Baradulin I. M., Kiryushina E. V., Vokin V. N., Sibiryakova O. V. Rezultaty gorno-ekologicheskogo monitoringa tekhnogennogo relefa v otrabotannykh shchebenochnykh karerakh (Results of mining-ecological monitoring of anthropogenic relief in worked out road metal open pits). Ekologiya i promyshlennost Rossii = Ecology and Industry of Russia. 2014. No. 1. pp. 38–41.
16. Zenkov I. V., Nefedov B. N., Baradulin I. M., Kiryushina E. V., Vokin V. N., Sibirya kova O. V. Tendentsii formirovaniya landshaftnoy arkhitektury i rekultivatsiya v karerakh po proizvodstvu shchebnya (Trends of formation of landscape architecture and recultivation in open pits for road metal production). Ekologiya i promyshlennost Rossii = Ecology and Industry of Russia. 2014. No. 1. pp. 34–37.