National Mineral Resources University, Saint Petersburg, Russia:

N. M. Telyakov, Professor, e-mail: 9418960@mail.ru
A. A. Darin, Assistant, e-mail: darinbox@mail.ru
A. N. Telyakov, Assistant Professor
A. A. Petukhov, Post-Graduate Student of a Chair of Metallurgy

A brief analysis of the state of a problem of involvement of alternative manganese ore sources (ferromanganese concretions) in production is provided, and the main fields of their concentration are described. The review of urgent technologies of processing of this type of raw materials is provided: bacterial method, nitrate leaching, ammonium leaching, organic acid leaching, application of chlorine-containing connections, sulphatizing roasting. Results of researches of material structure of oceanic and sea concretions with application of thermogravimetric and X-ray diffraction analysis are given. There are given the results of large-scale researches of development of optimum complex technology of obtaining of standard metal-containing semi-products from ferromanganese concretions of various structure suitable for further processing on saleable manganese and non-ferrous metal concentrates. The possibility of use of pyrite concentrates for the provision of sulfatization and power balance of the process is estimated. Researches of ferromanganese concretion sulfatization by sulphatizing roasting in “boiling bed” were carried out. There are determined the optimum parameters of sulphatizing roasting and subsequent neutral single-stage leaching for achievement of maximum indicators of extraction of valuable components from ferromanganese concretions. On the basis of pilot and theoretical studies there is shown the prospect of the way of processing with application of sulphatizing roasting and the subsequent leaching for phosphorus-containing sea and oceanic concretions containing non-ferrous metals. The researches were carried out with tests of ferromanganese concretions of Klarion-Klipperton field and Baltic Sea.

1. Sizyakov V. M., Bazhin V. Yu., Selishcheva T. A., Vlasov A. A. Rol gosudarstva v oblasti innovatsionnoy deyatelnosti predpriyatiy tsvetnoy metallurgii Rossii (Role of the State in the area of innovation activity of Russian non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises). Metallurg = Metallurgist. 2014. No. 1. pp. 4–7.
2. Cronan D. S. Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits. USA, Boca Raton : CRC Press, 1999. 406 p.
3. Manganese mineralization: geochemistry and mineralogy of terrestrial and marine deposits. Editors: Nicholson K., Hein J. R., Buhn B., Dasgupta. GB, London : Geological Society of London, 1997. 370 p.
4. Wolf K. H. Handbook of Strata-Bound and Stratiform Ore Deposits. Vol. 7: Au, U, Fe, Mn, Hg, Sb, W, and P Deposits. Netherlands, Amsterdam : Elsevier, 1976. 668 p.
5. Hein J. R., Mizell K., Koschinsky A., Conrad T. A. Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high- and green-technology applications: Comparison with land-based resources. Ore Geology Reviews. 2013. Vol. 51, June. pp. 1–14.
6. Parhi P. K., Park K. H., Nam C. W., Park J. T., Barik S. P. Extraction of rare earth metals from deep sea nodule using H₂SO₄ solution. International Journal of Mineral Processing. 2013. Vol. 119, March. pp. 89–92.
7. Ivanova A. M., Smirnov A. N., Rogov V. S., Motov A. P., Nikolskaya N. S., Palshin K. V. Shelfovye zhelezomargantsevye konkretsii – novyy vid mineralnogo syrya (Shelf ferromanganese concrections — new type of mineral resources). Mineralnye resursy Rossii = Mineral Resources of Russia. 2006. No. 6.
8. Kondratenko A. V. Fiziko-mekhanicheskie svoystva donnykh obrazovaniy na glubokovodnykh mestorozhdeniyakh zhelezomargantsevykh konkretsiy (Physical and mechanical properties of sea bottom formations which determine the specialty of development of deep-sea deposits of ferromanganese nodules). Gornyi Zhurnal = Mining Journal. 2012. No. 3. pp. 37–41.
9. Rogov V. S., Frolov V. V., Nikolskaya N. S., Titov A. L. Opyt dobychi i promyshlennogo ispolzovaniya zhelezomargantsevykh konkretsiy (Experience of development of deposits of shelf ferromanganese nodules). Gornyi Zhurnal = Mining Journal. 2012. No. 3. pp. 50–55.
10. A. N. Nosenkov, S. V. Trunev, B. A. Dmitrevskiy, N. N. Treushchenko. Sposob pererabotki marganetssoderzhashchego syrya (Method of processing of manganese-containing raw materials). Patent RF, No. 2223340, IPC C 22 B 47/00. Applied: May 06, 2002. Published: February 10, 2004.
11. Darin A. A., Telyakov N. M. Issledovaniya vozmozhnosti pererabotki fosforsoderzhashchikh zhelezomargantsevykh konkretsiy Finskogo zaliva (Investigations of the possibility of processing of phosphorous-containing ferromanganese concretions of the Gulf of Finland). Zapiski Gornogo instituta = Proceedings of the Mining Institute. 2006. Vol. 169. pp. 113–115.
12. Telyakov N. M., Rezvanov G. F., Shalygin L. M., Klementev M. V., Darin A. A. Polupromyshlennye ispytaniya energosberegayushchey tekhnologii po pererabotke zhelezo-margantsevykh konkretsiy (Semi-industrial investigations of energy-saving technology for the processing of iron-manganese concretions). Tsvetnye Metally = Non-ferrous metals. 2003. No. 7. pp. 96–97.
13. Telyakov A. N., Petukhov A. A., Darin A. A., Telyakov N. M. Selektivnoe osazhdenie margantsa pri pererabotke fosforsoderzhashchikh zhelezomargantse vykh konkretsiy (Selective sedemintation of manganese during the processing of phosphorous-containing ferromanganese concretions). Metallurg = Metallurgist. 2015. No. 6. pp. 29–32.